During the late-19th century, Perak’s economy surged as global demand for tin drove massive investment in mining infrastructure and attracted foreign capital¹. By the mid-20th century, competition from emerging producers and the collapse of tin prices led to a relative decline in Perak’s share of national output². In recent decades, diversification into manufacturing, agro-industry, and heritage tourism—supported by foreign direct investment and regional trade agreements—has underpinned Perak’s economic regeneration³.